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Suspecting that your child has a Learning Disability can feel very daunting.  You  think to yourself, “where do I go from here, who can help me, what’s the next step.”  Often, parents don’t know what role they play in developing an IEP (Individualized Education Plan) for their child.  Read the article below to help get your bearings; and as always feel free to call our office at 440.914.0200 with any questions or for an IEP consultation.

Reprinted with permission from the Learning Disabilities Association of Cuyahoga County

Federal law regarding children with learning disabilities has made the parent an equal partner with school districts at every level of the education process.  The parent is often the least prepared for this role.  The procedures used by school districts in Ohio may be foreign to parents.

If a Learning Disability is suspected, the parent or school district employee may request an evaluation for Learning Disabilities.  When this occurs, an evaluation must be done to determine if there is such a disability.

The PARENT is now a member of the first team – the evaluation team.  That parent may not know what the requirements are to complete such a process, what paperwork is required by the state, what tests are done or could be done to cover all aspects of LD, and  the parent may not realize the importance of the information they have about their child.  While parent information is not in “educational” terms, it has a relationship to what is required.

A “curve” in the journey may occur if the school team does not agree that a child has a Learning Disability after the evaluation is completed.  The parent may not know that they have options and rights or that additional testing can be done.  An independent evaluation can be done.  There are steps that can be taken without legal expense before legal hearings occur.

After the evaluation is completed, if LD is identified, the next team moves into place (usually many of the same people participate) called the IEP team.  The PARENT is now part of the second team – the IEP team.  That parent may not know that a decision must be made about whether the child needs Special Education or what factors can be used to demonstrate a need for an IEP.  What IS an IEP and what are the parts to it?  What is the parent contribution to this since they are not educators?  What additions and subtractions to this IEP at parent request are allowable?

The school members of this IEP team may determine that there is no need for Special Education.  The parent may not know that they may have valuable information to the contrary and how to present it.  What is happening for the child in school at the time may already indicate a need.  Information about outside activities may have importance, such as homework.

Only after an IEP is developed is another team introduced into the process – the placement team.  The parent is now part of a third team.  The parent may not know that there is more than one option and how to decide if the option is appropriate so that the IEP can be implemented.  A regular education classroom may not be the only option available.

It is essential for parents to have information to become true participants with these “teams” for their child in this process called Special Education.  The above examples are just some of the important aspects of the journey.

Five Strategies To Help Your Child Become More Successful In School

Strategy #1

You Understand Your Child Better Than Anyone Else.

You are the most important person in your child’s life!  No one loves your child more than you.   While you may find it difficult to describe your child’s strengths and needs, you have the most insight into your child.  When you sense that something is wrong with  your child at school – take action!  Be confident in your understanding of your child and the need to make changes.  Positively and assertively communicate the needs of your child and your concerns to your school’s teachers, administrators, and other professionals.

Strategy #2

Relax!

If you feel that your child is struggling in school, don’t panic!  Try to relax; your child will concentrate better and perform better if you refrain from micromanaging every page of homework and every school project.  Many frustrated parents look for outside help and advice.  Many of their children have one problem: parents’ expectations.  Many parents would like to see straight A’s on each and every report card.  Some parents target the Ivy League for their ten year olds and act like every single test and grade reflects on that goal.  Children will pick up on this attitude, and then they too become too worried about every test; as a result they “freeze”, or do poorly on tests.  Their feelings are compounded because their parents remind them to do better or there will be on Harvard in their future.  Stay relaxed.  Ask yourself, “Who wants Yale, you or your child?”  Only high school grades affect the “Ivy League goal.”  Relax, encourage your child, and face reality.  A hard-earned “C” is more important than an easy “A.”

Strategy #3

The Team Concept

As the parent, establish the team: you, your child’s school, your tutor, and your child.  Keep in mind that all team members are “imperfect humans”; work together to solve learning challenges.  Listen, really listen to your child and watch his or her body language.  When you respect your child’s feelings about school it builds your child’s confidence and creates open communication.  Work toward this same goal with the school.  If you feel your child has valid concerns, LISTEN!  Always focus on solutions to the team’s goal: your child’s success in school.  Your child will go to school more confident knowing you are there to listen.  When discussing school, avoid any negative comments about the teacher.  Those comments will only be magnified in your child’s mind and undermine the team relationship.  Keep the teacher involved in the team goal by communicating positively and assertively.  Even when you become frustrated, avoid confrontations and accusations at school.  Continue to encourage your teacher to focus on solutions, not the problem.  Offer creative solutions whenever possible.  Let your teacher know you are genuinely interested and involved in your child’s success in school.  Remain persistent, positive and tenacious.

Strategy #4

Seek Outside Help When You Think Your Child Needs It.

The parent child relationship is important and unique.  When a parent tries to help a struggling child, tensions build.  The child wants to please the parent, and the parent wants the child to be successful immediately!  If your home begins to feel like a ‘battlefield of learning,’ it’s time to seek outside help.  Perhaps extra help from a teacher, private tutoring, or a learning center will be more productive.  Sometimes parents choose to deny that there is a problem in school until mid-May.  Then, they want help to salvage a whole school year.  It is unrealistic to expect a magical turnaround in just a few weeks.  Seek help at the first early warning signs.  Establish the need for a ‘learning team,’ meet with your teacher, look for outside help.  Your relationship with your child will remain positive and your home won’t become a ‘learning battlefield’.

Strategy #5

Do Your Child’s Homework?  Never!

You dread the thought of another night of homework.  Your child also dreads the thought of another night of homework combat.  You both know you will sit there hour after hour helping with homework.  Tension builds.  You deserve “A’s” for your efforts but you are actually communicating that your child is not capable of doing the work.  Your child’s teacher will also know who does the work because the quality of homework is noticeably better than the work your child produces in school.   Your child will concentrate better and perform better if you do not micromanage every page of homework and every school project.  If the workload is micromanaged by you, in effect, you take ownership of school performance away from your child.  Help your child become responsible; the lesson of responsibility is learned for life.

Dealing with Bullying

Below is the final installment of our first bullying series.  If you personally have any tips or insight on how to manage and get through a bullying situation, please sound off below in the Comments section.

How should a parent react to hearing that their child is being a bully?

Don’t overreact!  It is important to communicate with the school in an effort to address the behavior and then work collaboratively to help your child develop the skills needed to avoid bullying behaviors.  Set firm limits and clear expectations with your child.  Encourage them to make amends for their behavior (for example, replacing a stolen item or apologize to the target).  Put into place a plan for close monitoring and supervision of the child so as to avoid future opportunities to bully.  Counseling may be helpful to aid in developing more appropriate social skills, self-control, and empathy.

What are some clues that your child may have been or is being bullied?

Unexplained bruises or other injuries

Missing items (lunch money, school supplies, personal items, etc.)

Lack of interest in school related activities

Noted differences in sleeping, eating, and behavior patterns that are uncharacteristic of your child

Does not want to attend school, but offers no explanation as to why

Frequents the nurse’s office without physical symptoms

What are some tips for who kids who are being bullied?

If you are being bullied, it is important to tell a trusted adult so that they can help.  Know that this is not your fault!  It is not okay for someone to treat you this way and you don’t have to deal with this alone.

Ignoring the bully may help, but it might not work.  If it doesn’t, there are other options.  Again, talking with an adult about what these options are is important.

You’ll want to maintain composure during a bullying incident.  Don’t show the bully you are mad, sad or upset.  Remember, bullying is about control and power.  If the bully wants to upset you and thinks they can every time they bully you, you’ve now just proved that they have the power to manipulate you.

Maintain self-control and confidence if you plan to respond to the bully.  Practice what you might say by role-playing the situation with someone you trust.

Surround yourself with people you care about.  Find a way to meet new friends: join a club, play an instrument, try out for a sport, take a class at the library.  Don’t be a loner!

This concludes our bullying series with Jackie Summers, Bullying Prevention Specialist for Akron Public Schools.  NCES realizes that bullying will never go away, and that in the future it will mutate (just as it has to currently invade cyberspace) again and find another venue for its cruelty.  Check back here for future bullying installments, including workshops that the Chagrin Valley Little Theater does to aid the bullied and bullies.  Also, NCES will continue to post articles and tips to assist and dealing with this country-wide epidemic.

Roles in Bullying

Welcome to the third installment of our series on bullying. Again, much appreciation goes out to Jackie Summers, Bullying Prevention Specialist for Akron Public Schools, for the insightful dialogue below:

What are the roles of peers with the bullied/bully?

Most kids think it’s not cool to bully, and feel they should do something if they see it happen.  In a recent study of tweens (Brown, Birch & Kancherla, 2005), 56% said that they usually either say or do something to try to stop bullying that they observe or tell someone who could help.

Knowing that there are bystanders present, is a bully deterred by them?

Though bystanders can play a significant role in stopping bullying, we should not expect children to have to deal with bullies on their own.  This behavior is a form of peer abuse or victimization and they need adult help to intervene and stop the behavior.  Society does not expect any other victims of abuse to deal with it on their own, children should not be expected to handle bullying alone.  Adults play a key role in helping to stop this behavior as do other children who witness or observe bullying.

How does bullying affect ethnic groups/disabled students?

Kids whose ethnicity varies significantly from those in the dominant culture of their school may struggle with language barriers, understanding culture, and becoming comfortable in the school environment.  Disabled students may struggle with social skills and the ability to communicate effectively, as a result of their disability.  Overall, these kids are likely to be effected as any other target would be by bullying and can benefit from efforts to include them, increased social support, and coping skills.

What are common reactions to bullying?

Some kids don’t react to the bullying, in an attempt to ignore it, but suffer silently.  Others attempt to talk back to the bully, or even act out physically in retaliation.  There are multiple ways to effectively respond to bullying:  use a direct, assertive tone, using humor, agreeing with the bully, deflecting words, ignoring the behavior, etc.

Tomorrow’s installment will conclude the series with Jackie Summers and will focus on dealing with steps to take when dealing with bullying as a parent.

Bullying & Gender

Here is the second installment of our expanded four part series on bullying.  Below continues my conversation with Jackie Summers, Bullying Prevention Specialist for the Akron Public Schools.

Before we get into the varying ways that boys and girls bully, let me ask if there are some types of kids more likely to bully than others?

There are characteristics that are found to be common amongst kids who bully.  This does not mean kids that have these characteristics are any more likely to bully, however.  Common characteristics found in bullies are: average to above average self-image, like power and control, don’t usually experience positive relationships, rarely have close friends, bullying behaviors exhibited have been learned, family problems or abuse at home.

Are there differences in bullying between boys and girls?

It is important to understand that both boys and girls use verbal aggression (name calling, verbal threats, mean telephone calls, mocking each other, etc.) as well as intimidation (challenging someone to do something in front of others, taking others possessions, coercion, graffiti, etc.).  Despite these similarities, there are some differences though.

Boys who Bully…

Boys bully more than girls, however, some say this is changing.

Boys bully both boys and girls.

Boys use more direct behaviors (physical and verbal bullying) than girls do.  They usually use more indirect bullying as their verbal skills increase.

Boys may use more physical aggression than girls.

Girls Who Bully

Girls are aggressive but may use more indirect behaviors to damage relationships and can be sneaky and nasty.

Girls are increasingly becoming more physical in bullying.

Girls are more likely to just bully other girls.  They can bully boys, but usually it is gender specific with girls.

Girls behave well around adults but can be cruel and mean to peers when out of sight from adults.

Girls target weaknesses in others.

Girls frequently make comments regarding the sexual behavior of girls they don’t like.

Girls attack with tightly knit networks of friends, which intensifies the hurt.

However, it is important to note, says Jackie, that bullying is based on PATTERNS.  Boys and girls CAN bully each other in the same ways.  The above observations are behaviors that are commonly displayed, but be careful not to stereotype boys and girls into specific patterns of behavior.

Check tomorrow’s Bullying FAQ to learn more about roles and consequences of bullying.

The Basis of Bullying

Everyone is talking about it: from parents across America to Anderson Cooper and Justin Beiber, from Neil Patrick Harris, and Tim McGraw, to Ellen DeGeneres.  They are all talking about bullying.  But it is with a sad heart that this is what I’m blogging about.  Here in Northeast Ohio, bullying is killing kids.  Angered and saddened at what bullying has pushed kids to, I spoke with Jackie Summers, a Bullying Prevention Specialist who works for the Office of Drug and Violence Prevention in the Akron Public School system. So, as this is our reality, here is the first in our blog series on bullying.

What is bullying defined as?

First and foremost, it is an imbalance of power.  Bullying is typically repetitive or repeated over time.  It causes mental and/or physical harm, and is NOT the fault of the person being bullied.

What are different types of bullying?

Bullying can take on many different forms.  From direct (physical acts) to indirect (exclusion, gossip, negative body language, destroying relationships, etc.) and cyber-bullying.

Students who are bullied often are students who…

Sit alone on the playground

Are socially withdrawn

Relate better to adults than children

Wonder why others don’t like them

Are picked last for teams

Are called hurtful names

Are treated as though they don’t exist

Are largely ignored or rejected

Children are often bullied because…

They are overweight or underweight, overly tall or short, etc.

They may be physically weak or disabled

They may be less attractive

They don’t have “acceptable” clothes

They are overly emotional or cry more easily than other children

They may have gender identity issues

Their grades are too high or too low

They have more or less money than others

Are members of a minority

They are not seen as popular

They are friends with another student who is bullied

They have a physical, emotional or learning disability that can be manifested in inappropriate social behaviors.  They may have conditions such as ADHD, Pervasive Developmental Disorder (Autism, Asperger’s) or Sensory Integration Disorder.

I realize that the information above is just the tip of the iceberg and may seem quite basic.  But take Jackie’s responses and really mull them over because though it may seem quite basic, it really is the basis for bullying.  Stop back here next Monday for a discussion on how the two genders bully.

What to do, what to do

Hey there Out & Abouters!  Scroll through Events and Lectures below to find something to do!

Who Shot Rock & Roll: A Photographic History, 1955-Present, Nov. 4th – Jan. 30th

A retrospective of rock photography.  Check out some of the most recognizable faces, in some of the most iconic poses. Akron Art Museum 1 South High Street, Akron 44308

Bill Cosby Live at the Akron Civic Theater, Nov. 6th, 7:30 p.m.

A night of laughs with the incomparable Dr. Cosby.  Tickets are still available, ranging in price from $39 – $59.  182 S. Main Street, Akron 44325

‘Creating a Healing Space’ – The Gathering Place, Nov. 8th, 6:30 – 7:30 p.m.

Held at the Beachwood branch of The Gathering Place, learn how to make your home environment comfortable as you help loved ones journey through cancer.  This is a free event, pre-registration is required.  216.595.9546

Jane Seymour presents “Among Angels” – Barnes & Noble, Nov. 8th, 7 p.m.

Enjoy a day of shopping at Crocker Park in Westlake, and end it with a meet in greet session featuring actress Jane Seymour.  She will be signing her new inspirational book “Among Angels”.

‘Bees Buzz’ – Avon Public Library, November 11th, 7 p.m.

William Beasley, beekeeper of Avon Lake, presents a lecture on the little known life of the honey bee.  Sweeten your taste buds with samples of local raw honey.

‘Homes for the Holiday’ – Homes Tours, Nov. 13th, Noon – 8 p.m.

Get in the holiday spirit by touring beautiful homes of Bay Village, decorated in their festive finest.  Lolly the Trolley will take you from home to home on this guided tour for $40/person.  Or, opt to do your own self-guided tour at just $18.  Go to www.bayhomestour.com for more information.

“The Rocky Horror Picture Show”, Cedar Lee Theater, Nov. 6th, 11:59 p.m.

Presented by Melt Bar & Grilled in Cleveland Heights, relive the manic magic of this classic movie.  Dress up, bring your toast, sing along, and don’t forget the word is “Part-ic-pation”.

ClevelandHires Job Fair, November 19th, 11 a.m. – 2 p.m.

Held at the Doubletree Hotel in Independence, offers an opportunity to mean with companies that are hiring.  Prepare your resume and attend with any and all contact info. for yourself and references.  This event is free but registration is required on www.ClevelandHires.com.  For GPS and mapquest purposes, the Doubletree address is: 6200 Quarry Lane, Independence, 44131

Nuturing Critical Thinking

In today’s world, it is often difficult for teachers and parents to teach children critical thinking skills.  Children are more distracted than ever as parents are juggling multiple roles resulting in less quality time together.

Children are stimulated by today’s technology.  Video games, texting, the internet, and television are often used as baby-sitters to give mom and dad a break.  Though these tools can all be educational, when over-used they create a “passive brain” and a child who expects immediate gratification.  Nurturing a child to grow into an adult able to function as a responsible individual in the real world is a feat all its own.  By focusing on helping a child to analyze and think critically about what they hear and read, children will be able to understand what the information actually means.  As opposed to repeating memorized information, this method will help children to develop strong problem solving skills.

By nurturing a child’s own thinking and reasoning skills, they will feel confident in thinking on their own, allowing less room for following others’ actions without thinking.  It is important for children to be able to reason and say “no” to negative peer pressure.

Below are some suggestions from NCES to help develop a child’s thinking skills.

Encourage children to play

Structured time is important for children, but so is free time.  Make sure that your child has enough time in his or her “schedule” to daydream, think and create.  Play time encourages imagination, creativity, and thinking.  Building a fort encourages not only critical thinking but teamwork too; putting puzzles together and playing board games builds problem solving skills.

Urge children to do their own work

Giving children chores helps them to develop practical skills and their own accountability.  They will learn cause and effect (The person who spilled the milk needs to clean it up).

Promote the importance of reading

It is important to listen to children read and also to read to them.  Being able to read and digest material is an important component of being an adult as well as a key part of being able to process information when problem-solving.

Develop social skills

Ask your child what they are interested in, or maybe there is a skill or hobby they would like to learn.  Use that interest as a springboard to join a group that focuses on that interest.  A child who is hesitant or shy is more likely to come out of their shell when with peers who have a common interest.

Nurturing these qualities in your children will help them to understand the importance of being able to think for themselves.  Thinking children ultimately become thinking adults.

Seeing Things Differently: The Dyslexic Child

Cheryl Brown, a previous RICHARDS READ workshop participant, is an educational expert whose fascination with her daughter Christy’s unique way of looking at life (and letters) inspired this article.  This article is included in our blog with her permission.

“Your daughter has something in common with Albert Einstein, Leonard a Vinci, Thomas Edison, and Walt Disney,” we were told by the doctor.  “They all had dyslexia too.”  This diagnosis from the Cleveland Clinic confirmed our suspicions.  Christy had been having lots of difficulty with second grade.  Her handwriting was unusual, she mixed up letters, and her spelling was pretty bizarre.  Most sentences resembled cryptic messages in dire need of a decoder: ‘A rcqusihp blistd of’ translated into ‘A rocket ship blasted off’.  (I cleverly deciphered this only by carefully scrutinizing the intricate drawing above it!)  her daily school performance became a roller coaster ride – one minute receiving “A’s”, the next, not even close.

After having tried private tutoring, lessons at an accredited learning center, and summer school classes, my husband and I began to look into the possibility of dyslexia, which we already knew referred to the reversal of letters in words.  But as we learned more about it, we found that its manifestations could vary from severe learning disabilities to superior intellectual, creative, or athletic capabilities.

Christy’s vivid imagination coupled with her intense curiosity were evidenced early on when every little walk together became an “expedition” into her own fascinating universe.  “Come this way so you can hear how the gravel crunches when I spin around!”  “This buckeye got smooth like this when it fell into that magic leaf fort!”  “There’s sweet stuff fin the middle of this honeysuckle!”  These were typical remarks continually punctuating my own silent and ordinary observations.

Peering into her then favorite toy, a kaleidoscope, with its split-second flashes of color and mercurial designs, proved to be a glimpse into her future.  Change, of any kind, is today both exciting and expected.  She has rearranged her bedroom furniture so often that it doesn’t even leave marks in the carpet from where it was last placed.  Balloons, posters, and streamers take short turns at decorating her room.  We can always count on her to select 1) brilliant paint, 2) zany wallpaper, 3) anything sparkling, 4) menu items no one else would imagine considering.

While she thrives on action-packed events like a double-over-time basketball game or a round of crack-the-whip on ice skates; “best of all” to her is the walk down the middle school corridor “when it’s crowded with lots and lots of kids, and everyone’s talking real loud.”  All of these characteristics of her personality, combined with her difficulties learning to read, were in keeping with the Clinic’s final diagnosis of dyslexia.  After having completed a battery of tests on Christy, including those which checked her hearing and vision, the doctors suggested we see a specialist.

Soon we were working with a dedicated dyslexia expert, who began by explaining to us that dyslexic people often perceive things in a unique way and think in many dimensions simultaneously, which is what accounts for their frequent superior creative abilities.  They, therefore, learn best by using several of their senses at once, rather than simply relying on that of sight, a sense which is totally unreliable to them.  Something in the brain causes distortions in their seeing, interpreting, and storing written words.   To illustrate this, we were told to visualize blurry, upside-down mirror reflections skipping around on a page, and to imagine the difficulty and frustration involved with our having to recall each jumble in precise detail.

Christy’s hour-long daily sessions were begun immediately.  She was intrigued by her specialist’s creative “multi-dimensional” teaching absorbed in the process.  For example, she was instructed to listen carefully to letter sounds, to write words on the desk top with her finger, to hold a mirror before her mouth to see the breath created with sounds such as “t” and “p” and to feel her neck vibrate as the letters “m” and “n” were spoken.  She learned, and relearned, concisely categorized spelling and phonics rules.

Bright colors of ink were splashed onto paper as she dissected words, letters on Scrabble tiles were selected that matched words she spelled aloud, and rhythms were tapped out with her foot as she stood and moved her arms in large, cursive motions.  The intense regimen was perfectly tailored to her unique learning style, and she looked forward to these lively, innovative sessions – even when it sometimes meant missing noon recess at school in order to squeeze them in.  Our car became her “traveling lunchroom” which added another element of adventure to it all.

Christy began to be rewarded for all her effort by achieving good grades in school.  Her classroom teachers and tutor supported her, allowing her the use of a tape for dictating homework assignments and listening to previous classroom lessons.  They gave her the option of taking either oral or written tests.   They informed us of a program that provided pre-recorded textbooks.  They asked for input and kept us informed of her progress.

Over the years she has learned to compensate for her dyslexia, like searching for clues to a word by examining its context in a story or by using a hand-held spelling checker.  She has friends who read to her, encyclopedias which talk to her through CD-ROM, and a computer that teachers her to type.   I can honestly say that Christy has never really viewed dyslexia as a problem.  To her, it’s just something she’s been afforded for making her walk through life into another great expedition.  To me, it looks a great deal like a mountain-climbing expedition.  But then, dyslexic people do see things differently.

My husband and I have found that, by setting realistic learning goals for our daughter, she is able to experience the kind of success which encourages and motivates her.  Also, we try to provide opportunities for her to develop those skills for which we feel she has some special ability, such as athletics.  We quickly discovered that making a “three-pointer” at the buzzer can do a lot to enhance a 12 year olds’s self-esteem!  And practicing for that perfect basketball shot might even do a lot to improve the very same eye-hand coordination that handwriting requires.

We know that this learning “disability” will require her to work much harder than other students do in order to reach similar goals.  It will cause her to depend upon other people sometimes.  It will force her to search for alternative methods by which she can learn.  It will be a lifetime struggle.

And, of course, she keeps right on seeing it as a gift.

Cheryl Brown, a previous RICHARDS READ workshop participant, is an educational expert whose fascination with her daughter Christy’s unique way of looking at life (and letters) inspired this article.  This article is included in our blog with her permission.

Parent-Teacher Conferences

Soon enough Report Cards will be making their way home, with Parent-Teacher Conferences to follow not long after.  Oftentimes, during a conference, questions that were meant to be asked are forgotten, and new information given can be overwhelmin.  Or first-time parents are uncertain where to even start with questions.  Below is a checklist of sorts that can be easily copied and pasted into a Microsoft Word document and saved on  your computer for future use.  This will give you a starting point for an informative dialogue.  Added bonus: save the filled out hard copies and monitor your child’s progress not only through the school year, but also over the course of several grade levels.

Parent-Teacher Conference Student Checklist

Strengths & Areas of Improvement

Child’s Name___________________

Date _______________________

Teacher’s Name__________________

Grade__________________________

Strength or Needs Improvement – General School Performance

Concentrates well in school ___________________________________

    Follows directions                ___________________________________

    Is well organized                 ____________________________________

    Pays attention to detail        ____________________________________

    Completes work regularly   ____________________________________

    Understands factual material ___________________________________

      Understands complex ideas  ____________________________________

        Social Growth

        Gets Along well with peers _____________________________________

        Skill Areas

        Math: Area of Strength.      ______________________________________

        __________________________________________________________________

        Math: Needs extra practice ______________________________________

        __________________________________________________________________

        Language: Area of strength  _____________________________________

        _______________________________________________________________

        Language:  Needs extra practice ___________________________________

        _______________________________________________________________

        Additional Comments:  _____________________________________________

        _______________________________________________________________